What_Is

What Is a Spinal Cord Injury?

Although the hard bones of the spinal column protect the soft tissues of the spinal cord, vertebrae can
still be broken or dislocated in a variety of ways and cause traumatic injury to the spinal cord. Injuries
can occur at any level of the spinal cord. The segment of the cord that is injured, and the severity of the
injury, will determine which body functions are compromised or lost. Because the spinal cord acts as the
main information pathway between the brain and the rest of the body, a spinal cord injury can have
significant physiological consequences.

Catastrophic falls, being thrown from a horse or through a windshield, or any kind of physical trauma that
crushes and compresses the vertebrae in the neck can cause irreversible damage at the cervical level of
the spinal cord and below. Paralysis of most of the body including the arms and legs, called quadriplegia,
is the likely result. Automobile accidents are often responsible for spinal cord damage in the middle back
(the thoracic or lumbar area), which can cause paralysis of the lower trunk and lower extremities, called
paraplegia.

Other kinds of injuries that directly penetrate the spinal cord, such as gunshot or knife wounds, can
either completely or partially sever the spinal cord and create life-long disabilities.

Most injuries to the spinal cord don't completely sever it. Instead, an injury is more likely to cause
fractures and compression of the vertebrae, which then crush and destroy the axons, extensions of
nerve cells that carry signals up and down the spinal cord between the brain and the rest of the body. An
injury to the spinal cord can damage a few, many, or almost all of these axons. Some injuries will allow
almost complete recovery. Others will result in complete paralysis.

Until World War II, a serious spinal cord injury usually meant certain death, or at best a lifetime confined
to a wheelchair and an ongoing struggle to survive secondary complications such as breathing problems
or blood clots. But today, improved emergency care for people with spinal cord injuries and aggressive
treatment and rehabilitation can minimize damage to the nervous system and even restore limited
abilities.

Advances in research are giving doctors and patients hope that all spinal cord injuries will eventually be
repairable. With new surgical techniques and exciting developments in spinal nerve regeneration, the
future for spinal cord injury survivors looks brighter every day.

This brochure has been written to explain what happens to the spinal cord when it is injured, the current
treatments for spinal cord injury patients, and the most promising avenues of research currently under
investigation.

Facts and Figures About Spinal Cord Injury

There are an estimated 10,000 to 12,000 spinal cord injuries every year in the United States.
A quarter of a million Americans are currently living with spinal cord injuries.
The cost of managing the care of spinal cord injury patients approaches $4 billion each year.
38.5 percent of all spinal cord injuries happen during car accidents. Almost a quarter, 24.5 percent, are
the result of injuries relating to violent encounters, often involving guns and knifes. The rest are due to
sporting accidents, falls, and work-related accidents.
55 percent of spinal cord injury victims are between 16 and 30 years old.
More than 80 percent of spinal cord injury patients are men

Source: Facts and Figures at a Glance, May 2001. National Spinal Cord Injury Statistical Center.